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Minister of culture in 1983, minister of agriculture in 1984, minister of education in 1986, vice Prime Minister in 1993 (cumulated with the status of Minister for Finance), Anwar Ibrahim leaded the ministry for finances at the time of the Asian economic crisis of 1997. Partisan to follow the recommendations of the IMF, he openly criticized the nepotism and the corruption of the government. Consequently, it was excluded from the government and from the dominant party. In August 2008, Anwar Ibrahim became again MP. The coalition of the opposition parties, of which he is the leader today, holds more than one third of the seats at the Parliament.
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The policy orientations of the Trump II administration profoundly challenge the foundations of international cooperation in space science and exploration. This shift reflects a broader trend of strategic disengagement and weakening of multilateral mechanisms in the space domain.
Strategic Autonomy and Asia amid Rising Geoeconomic Competition
Amid growing strategic and geopolitical uncertainty, Europe is grappling with the notion of its strategic autonomy. For Europe’s partners in Asia, the concept is also becoming increasingly salient as the world enters an era of structural transformation.
France-Germany, The Engine Under Pressure
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