Towards a New Geopolitics of Energy?
First of all, shale oil is starting to take the same dimension as shale gas in the US. Already 51% of US production comes presently from unconventional gas (shale, tight gas and coal-bed methane), and outlooks predict that the US will produce more gas than Russia by 2020. Oil imports have already diminished from 60 to 45%. As domestic unconventional oil production tends to increase, - it is now around 15% - imports will probably decline even more.
When looking at USA’s neighbor, Canada, patterns have been taking an unexpected turn as well: Canada is leader in oil sands production, with forecasts exceeding 3.5 MM bpd in 2025. As Canadian production is directed to the US WTI hub (creating bottlenecks) prices have noticeably fallen, leading to spreads between the Brent and the WTI prices of around 10-12 dollars per bbl, with possible worldwide impacts (refineries, petrochemical industry…).
Besides North America, a great potential in unconventional resources is expected in Asia (mostly China), South America (especially Argentina), Africa (South Africa and Algeria) and Europe (Poland, Ukraine, France and deep-water discoveries in the East Mediterranean Sea). In OPEC countries, new techniques can be applied to old fields to improve their output, for instance in Venezuela, which became the world’s largest holder of proven oil reserves (296.5 billion barrels versus 265.4 for Saudi Arabia - BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2012). In addition, Eastern Africa and Brazil are coming under the reflectors for their important discoveries in deep water (think of Eni’s discoveries in Mozambique, with potential gas reserves between 1,330 and 1,471 billion cubic meters, Bcm).
China has put in place an ambitious target of producing 60 Bcm of gas by 2020, as its shale gas resources are considered to be as high as in the US. It started investing abroad (mainly in the US) and now it allows joint ventures for exploration and production on its soil.
But China is also at the center of the explosion of Asian demand for hydrocarbons. With a steady growth in middle class population, China and India are eager for resources to satisfy their demand. A new energy axis is then appearing, with China and India interested in the hydrocarbons produced in Middle East and Africa.
If North America tends to become self-sufficient, the resources game will now be played between China, India and Europe on one side, Middle-East, South America (Venezuela, Brazil, to a lesser extent Argentina) and Africa on the other side. In the medium-term, though, as unconventional oil production is still at its beginnings, the Middle East region will still play a significant role in oil production.
Available in:
Regions and themes
Share
Center for Energy & Climate
Ifri's Energy and Climate Center carries out activities and research on the geopolitical and geoeconomic issues of energy transitions such as energy security, competitiveness, control of value chains, and acceptability. Specialized in the study of European energy/climate policies as well as energy markets in Europe and around the world, its work also focuses on the energy and climate strategies of major powers such as the United States, China or India. It offers recognized expertise, enriched by international collaborations and events, particularly in Paris and Brussels.
Mining Nationalism and Export Restrictions: The Challenges of Economic Development
Since the end of the 2000s and especially the 2010s, resource nationalism has been on the rise.
Solar Radiation Management: A Climate Tool with Geopolitical Implications
The Paris Agreement (2015) aims to keep global warming below 2 °C, preferably 1.5 °C, above pre-industrial levels. Mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) remains the core tool for reaching net carbon neutrality by mid-century. However, a temperature overshoot is anticipated. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) forecasts that the 1.5 °C threshold will be exceeded in the coming years, with warming potentially peaking between 2.2 °C and 3.6 °C this century. Against this backdrop, three trends characterize the climate policy debate.
China’s Hydrogen Economy Five Years On
China’s hydrogen sector is not new. It is the world’s largest industrial hydrogen system, rooted in ammonia, methanol, refining, coal chemicals and by-product gas streams.
27 Plans for 2027: Turning the Electrification Action Plan into National Action
With the aim of structurally reducing the European economy’s dependence on fossil fuel imports and accelerating the energy transition, the European Commission has opted for electrification.