The crisis in Ukraine seems at first to be the result of the impact of two misunderstandings of Russian and Western approaches.

Methodological debates about the stages of growth and the way in which a country goes through political modernization are long-established and manifold. 

Historically, states have indebted themselves to finance military campaigns. They do so nowadays for other reasons such as financing productive investment.

According to the traditional notion of the just war, an armed conflict should lead to conditions of durable peace.

The term “strategy” goes back to Greek antiquity and its meaning has evolved over time. Although today the term is bandied about and employed in all contexts, in the past, attempts to define it have been made by the greatest military thinkers.

While the peace process between the PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party) and the Turkish government is at a standstill, the latter is attempting to circumvent Turkey’s Kurdish actors by aligning itself with the KDP (Kurdistan Democratic Party), which dominates the Kurdish regional government in Iraq.

The emergence of an autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan, the civil war in Syria, and the electoral ambitions of the JDP (Justice and Development Party) have led to new policy being formed by the Turkish government regarding the Kurdish issue.

Although the Kurdish population in Syria forms a very small and highly divided minority, the Kurds nevertheless have managed, thanks to the civil war, to gain relative autonomy in Northern Syria.