However, the trend has recently reversed: EON has sold its British, Italian and Central European distribution activities. EdF has ceased its distribution in Great Britain with the sale of British Energy, and more importantly in Germany has sold EnBW.

Why this reversal? The big groups have noticed that the states would not relinquish their roles in choosing production investments; that the public authorities, either national, regional or both, were persisting in intervening with sale prices; and that the prospects for profitable distribution were unfavourable. Moreover, decisions regarding intra-European networks take too long. And there were often inconsistencies in energy policies both within and between countries.

What to do from here? In this necessarily short editorial, I will sketch an adaptation of the EU energy policy which would be beneficial:

• Reinsert at the center of the EU strategy the objective of competitiveness:
o Admit that two national production models will exist side by side: one without nuclear power or preparing to cease nuclear activity, the other with nuclear power and having the aim of obtaining a quasi-renewable source with Generation IV.
o Treat all electricity equally, regardless of its source, in terms of transport, distribution and international networks.
o Enhance the powers of European transport and networking organisations with the aim of optimising the total cost of electricity provision (necessarily taking into account the irregularity of certain renewable sources).
o Prohibit governments from exerting any influence over wholesale or industrial markets and work progressively towards a total liberalisation of domestic prices.
o Efficiently manage the carbon market in the sectors covered by the EU Emission Trading Scheme (with an horizon longer than 2020 and price floors) and look into introducing a tax for other emissions.

I will add that in the 3*20, the key objective seems to be the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions on European soil. To include with this the savings caused by CDMs is a dangerous hypocrisy which will lead to the attainment of illusory objectives which will have been stripped of all sense.