Practical information
Minister of culture in 1983, minister of agriculture in 1984, minister of education in 1986, vice Prime Minister in 1993 (cumulated with the status of Minister for Finance), Anwar Ibrahim leaded the ministry for finances at the time of the Asian economic crisis of 1997. Partisan to follow the recommendations of the IMF, he openly criticized the nepotism and the corruption of the government. Consequently, it was excluded from the government and from the dominant party. In August 2008, Anwar Ibrahim became again MP. The coalition of the opposition parties, of which he is the leader today, holds more than one third of the seats at the Parliament.
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Nuclear Sharing in Europe: A Contested Policy That Endures
Since the end of the Cold War, the number of US nuclear weapons stationed in Europe has fallen more than seventy-fold, yet their presence in Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Turkey remains a quiet pillar of NATO's deterrence posture. This "nuclear sharing" arrangement, central to the Alliance since its founding, has long been contested by public opinion, political parties, and civil society across Europe, without ever being abandoned by host governments. This paradox lies at the heart of the seminar: why does such an unpopular policy persist?