COP28: A Tale of Money, Fossil Fuels, and Divisions Briefings de l'Ifri, November 16, 2023

The past year since COP27 has been extremely busy in terms of multilateral actions and events aiming at addressing climate and more general environmental issues. The year 2022 ended with COP15 on Biodiversity, establishing a Global Biodiversity Framework. It was followed in 2023, by a series of major multilateral climate events, including the Finance in Common Summit in Cartagena (Colombia), and the aforementioned Climate Ambition Summit in United States of America (USA) which took place during a very busy New York Climate Week with over 600 side-events. In parallel, G20 and other countries held discussions regarding the reform of the World Bank, the establishment of new tools to support poor countries confronted with climate-related disasters, or more generally multilateral finance reform proposed by the Bridgetown Initiative. In addition, in Africa, Kenya hosted the first Africa Climate Summit in September, and in October Congo held the Three-Basins Summit, bringing together more than 30 countries from the Amazon, Congo, Borneo, and Mekong basins.

However, it is difficult to see any consensus on climate action emerging from these events, and the climate community seems to be extremely divided. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) COP-president designate, Sultan Al Jaber somehow embodies these divisions. He holds a controversial position as head of UAE’s national oil companies, which led some voices to call for this resignation. A number of issues are also a source of tension. The European Union (EU) and other coalitions are calling for a fossil-fuel phase-out while the UAE and a group called the Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDCs) which includes China, India, and Saudi Arabia, are advocating a “phase down”. Developed countries, including the EU, are being demanded to ramp up their contribution to climate finance, and more specifically to the Loss and Damage Fund – but the US is reluctant to engage in this. Countries are also moving slowly to update their climate plans, or nationally determined contributions (NDCs), despite the calls from the UAE to submit these by September 2023 -the UAE raised their target by 10 points to lead by example. In the end, the EU seems quite isolated and is losing its influence, while the Global South, especially African countries, is more and more in a position to set the tone and the agenda.