Iran in the European Gas Market: a Russian Point of View
This page contains only a summary of our work. If you would like to have access to all the information from our research on the subject, you can download the full version in PDF format.
Iran in the European Gas Market: a Russian Point of View
Center for Energy & Climate
Ifri's Energy and Climate Center carries out activities and research on the geopolitical and geoeconomic issues of energy transitions such as energy security, competitiveness, control of value chains, and acceptability. Specialized in the study of European energy/climate policies as well as energy markets in Europe and around the world, its work also focuses on the energy and climate strategies of major powers such as the United States, China or India. It offers recognized expertise, enriched by international collaborations and events, particularly in Paris and Brussels.
Solar Radiation Management: A Climate Tool with Geopolitical Implications
The Paris Agreement (2015) aims to keep global warming below 2 °C, preferably 1.5 °C, above pre-industrial levels. Mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) remains the core tool for reaching net carbon neutrality by mid-century. However, a temperature overshoot is anticipated. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) forecasts that the 1.5 °C threshold will be exceeded in the coming years, with warming potentially peaking between 2.2 °C and 3.6 °C this century. Against this backdrop, three trends characterize the climate policy debate.
China’s Hydrogen Economy Five Years On
China’s hydrogen sector is not new. It is the world’s largest industrial hydrogen system, rooted in ammonia, methanol, refining, coal chemicals and by-product gas streams.
27 Plans for 2027: Turning the Electrification Action Plan into National Action
With the aim of structurally reducing the European economy’s dependence on fossil fuel imports and accelerating the energy transition, the European Commission has opted for electrification.
How to Make European e-SAF Production under RefuelEU Aviation Fly?
Three and a half years before the scheduled entry into force of the European regulation ReFuelEU Aviation (RFEUA), which requires aviation fuel suppliers at Union airports to offer a sustainable synthetic alternative (e-SAF), no sizeable commercial production unit (greater than 10,000 tons per year) is active within Europe yet, nor has it even passed the Final Investment Decision (FID). Is a major step in the European Union (EU) plans for decarbonizing air transport at risk of not happening, or at least being postponed for several years? Is Europe losing its bet to create a market for e-SAF? Under what conditions can this bet still be won? Could sovereignty and energy security preoccupations unlock necessary public support and help to overcome economic, financial, logistical or administrative obstacles?