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Hybrid Warfare in the Strategic Spectrum: an Historical Assessment

External Book Chapters
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Références
in: Guillaume Lasconjarias and Jeffrey Larsen (ed.), NATO’s Response to Hybrid Threats, Rome, NATO Defence College, 2015, pp. 95-112.
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"Hybrid Warfare" is a fashionable concept, but in order fo it to be really relevant, it has to be visualized within the whole strategic spectrum.

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While references to "hybrid warfare" are now proliferating at every corner of the strategic community, it is already shaping debates that will in turn have critical consequences for Western states equipment and force structures. This is why it is so essential to validate the relevance of the concept and the nature of the phenomena it aims to put a name on. To answer this, it is important to analyze the features and the location of hybrid warfare at the three different levels of war: the political and strategic level, that of operational art and finally the tactics and weapons systems.

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ISBN / ISSN

978-88-96898-12-3

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Élie TENENBAUM

Élie TENENBAUM

Intitulé du poste

Directeur du Centre des études de sécurité de l'Ifri

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Security Studies Center
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Heir to a tradition dating back to the founding of Ifri, the Security Studies Center provides public and private decision-makers as well as the general public with the keys to understanding power relations and contemporary modes of conflict as well as those to come. Through its positioning at the juncture of politics and operations, the credibility of its civil-military team and the wide distribution of its publications in French and English, the Center for Security Studies constitutes in the French landscape of think tanks a unique center of research and influence on the national and international defense debate.

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French Forward Deterrence: What Is in It for the Baltic States?

Date de publication
25 May 2026
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For what may be its most significant stress test since the end of the Cold War, European deterrence is under strain. Russia’s war against Ukraine has demonstrated Moscow’s willingness to use force and its ability to combine conventional operations with nuclear signalling, coercive rhetoric, and hybrid actions. At the same time, the gradual deterioration of transatlantic relations has revived concerns about the reliability of extended deterrence.

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Europe at the Crossroads of DefTech: Rethinking the European Defense Innovation Ecosystem

Date de publication
16 February 2026
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“The way I look at Iron Dome is as the ultimate manifestation of the future of the United States’ role in future conflicts, which is not to be the world police, but to be the world gun store,” said Palmer Luckey in November 2023. Luckey is the founder of Anduril, one of the most prominent DefTech companies. The ambition is clear: to participate in global rearmament by capitalizing on the quality of American innovations and to dominate the arms market—at least in the West—through technological mastery.

Alexandre PAPAEMMANUEL Laure de ROUCY-ROCHEGONDE
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Taking the Pulse: Is France’s New Nuclear Doctrine Ambitious Enough?

Date de publication
12 March 2026
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French President Emmanuel Macron has unveiled his country’s new nuclear doctrine. Are the changes he has made enough to reassure France’s European partners in the current geopolitical context?

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Macron Offers a Promising Vision for Nuclear Deterrence in Europe

Date de publication
11 March 2026
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Macron’s concept of ‘forward deterrence’ offers a distinctly European approach to nuclear deterrence.

Héloïse FAYET Darya DOLZIKOVA

How can this study be cited?

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Élie TENENBAUM, « Hybrid Warfare in the Strategic Spectrum: an Historical Assessment », External Book Chapters, Ifri, 30 December 2015.
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