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Sub-Saharan Africa

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Sub-Saharan Africa is not monolithic. While crises in the Sahel have attracted a great deal of attention, other regions also need to be monitored, and not just through the prism of security.

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Sub-Saharan Africa
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Publications
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Solar power shines through after a slow start in Africa

26 May 2022
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The case for the renewable energy source is becoming clearer on the ‘sun continent’

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Africa-France: Can Macron’s ‘new partnership’ succeed?

24 May 2022
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Africa has occupied a significant place in Emmanuel Macron’s political agenda but he will need more than fine speeches to change the longstanding paternalist image of France on the continent.

Japan steps up its Africa engagement

Date de publication
18 May 2022
Accroche

Laying the foundation for the Eighth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD), Japanese Foreign Minister Yoshimasa Hayashi held talks on 28 March 2022 with ministers from 50 African nations. Hayashi expressed concerns that the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine had increased the economic and social vulnerabilities of African countries — deepening their dependence on China. He subsequently committed to increase Japan’s cooperation with Africa.

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After Barkhane: Rethinking France’s Strategic Posture in West Africa

Date de publication
10 May 2022
Accroche
Nearly a decade after its successful war against terrorism in Mali, France is now in the process of turning a page in its military history in Africa. The upcoming end of Operation Barkhane, scheduled since the spring of 2021, comes, however, in a particularly deteriorated strategic context.
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C.Africa's Leap Into Bitcoin Leaves Its People Bemused

07 May 2022
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In the Central African Republic (CAR), nine out of 10 people do not have internet, and only one in seven has electricity -- that is, when there are no power cuts.

Yet the CAR has just followed El Salvador in adopting bitcoin as legal tender, a currency that requires access to the net to be bought, sold or used.

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EU Winds Down Military Training Operations in Mali

12 April 2022
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The European bloc is involved in two training missions in Mali – the EUTM and the EUCAP – to coach soldiers and police.

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Rwanda’s Military Diplomacy. Kigali’s Political Use of the Military Means to Increase Prestige and Influence in Africa and Beyond

Date de publication
07 April 2022
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Although it is one of the smallest states on the African continent, Rwanda has adopted a proactive foreign policy. Kigali has deployed troops within the framework of multilateral peacekeeping missions to increase its prestige and influence. Since last year, changes have arisen: Rwanda has extended its activities outside of multilateral operations, intervening unilaterally in the Central African Republic (CAR) and then in Mozambique. Rwanda desires to foster its reputation as a regional and continental “security provider”. 

Federico DONELLI
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Governing Cities in Africa. A Panorama of Challenges and Perspectives

Date de publication
17 February 2022
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By 2050, about 60% of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa will live in urban areas. The governance of the rapid growth of capital and intermediary cities in Africa is one of the priorities of the international development agenda. 

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A Sino-Congolese Scandal. Illegal Exploitation of Minerals and Forests by Chinese Companies in South Kivu

Date de publication
09 February 2022
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Since 2020, the exploitation of gold from mining sites in the Wamuzimu chiefdom in the South Kivu province by Chinese companies has aroused great discontent among the population. 

Justin MWETAMINWA Thierry VIRCOULON
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Power to the Cooks! New Clean Cooking Opportunities for Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

Date de publication
01 February 2022
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2.6 billion people globally and 1 billion in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) cook using biomass fuel. The detrimental effects on the environment and public health, as well as the time and money lost are considerable. If nothing new is done, this situation will worsen further in SSA.

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Booming Decentralized Solar Power in Africa’s Cities. Satellite Imagery and Deep Learning Provide Cutting-Edge Data on Electrification

Date de publication
18 January 2022
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The market for decentralized solar systems first developed in rural Africa, and today it is expanding to the continent’s cities, though these areas are already covered by each country’s central network.

Hugo LE PICARD Matthieu TOULEMONT
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New African Union Commission (2021-2025). Challenges and Issues After the Reform Initiated by Paul Kagamé

Date de publication
21 December 2021
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The election of the Commission to run the African Union (AU) on February 6 and 7, 2021 was an important step towards implementing its institutional reform. The Commission is the institution’s real government, setting the pan-African organization’s objectives under the leadership of the Heads of State who meet once a year at the Assembly. The Chadian Moussa Faki, who was re-elected as AU Commission (AUC) Chairperson, has the onerous task of undertaking this reform, initiated by the former AU Chair, Rwandan president Paul Kagamé, between 2016 and 2018.

Benjamin AUGÉ Félicité DJILO
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Uranium in Namibia: Yellowcake Fever

Date de publication
01 December 2021
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Mineral revenues are the driving force behind Namibia’s economic performance. Namibia is rich in mineral resources which include uranium, diamond, copper, gold, lead, lithium and zinc. However, these mineral riches are not always allocated and utilized in a transparent manner and seem to benefit disproportionately a small number of wealthy elites, many of them affiliated with the ruling party SWAPO.

Selma EL OBEID
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’Delenda est Cotonou ?’ The European Union and the ACP States: A Partnership without Partners

Date de publication
29 November 2021
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Although it has largely gone unnoticed in France, the agreement signed on December 3, 2020 between the European Union (EU) and the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (ACP) is a major shift in the long-standing relations between the EU and countries in the Global South. 

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Chinese Influences in Africa. 1. The Political and Diplomatic Tools of the "Great Developing Country"

Date de publication
17 November 2021
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China and Africa have enjoyed a strong relationship since the wave of African independences in the 1960s. Nevertheless, relations between China and Africa have significantly expanded since the late 1990s and have been fueled by a growing discourse centered on a “win-win” partnership between China and Africa. 

Jean-Pierre CABESTAN Elisa DOMINGUES DOS SANTOS Zhao Alexandre HUANG Philippe LE BILLON Thierry VIRCOULON
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The Peuls Mbororo of North Cameroon: Insecurities of a Pastoral Society and Limits of a Hybrid Security Response

Date de publication
08 November 2021
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The Mbororo are Fulani who, unlike the Fulbe, have not become sedentary and have practiced nomadic herding for a long time. However, over the past several decades, they have been undergoing a sedentarization process in northern Cameroon (Septentrion), to the point that many of them have become semi-sedentary and agro-pastoralists.

This community of herders faces environmental, land, fiscal and criminal insecurities. 

Fanta DADA PETEL Thierry VIRCOULON

New Africa France Summit : the Concealed Continuation of Emmanuel Macron's Africa Policy

Date de publication
27 October 2021
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A “New Africa-France Summit” was held on October, 8 at Arena Sud de France in Montpellier.

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Namibia’s Fair-Weather Friends and One All-Weather Friend

Date de publication
29 September 2021
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The relationship between Namibia and its historical partners has evolved over the last thirty years since Namibian independence. As in many countries, Namibia has been going through transformation, influenced by the process of globalization. This created new sets of geopolitical challenges and opened up new opportunities for Namibia's small and poorly diversified economy which has relied heavily on the mining industry.

Selma EL OBEID John MENDELSOHN
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The United Arab Emirates in Africa: The Partly Thwarted Ambitions of a New Regional Player

Date de publication
13 September 2021
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The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has long-standing ties with African countries, but the implementation of a genuine Africa policy dates back only about 15 years. 

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Germany’s Africa Politics: Renewal of an Unequal Cooperation?

Date de publication
09 September 2021
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In recent years, Germany’s Africa politics have been characterized by proactive international initiatives and the claim for a "partnership at eye level". However, a look at the power constellations of its cooperation indicates that inequalities are – contrary to Germany’s own claims – rather reproduced than reduced.

Adrian SCHLEGEL Aram ZIAI
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Related centers and programs
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Macro view of a political map of Ethiopia
East and Central Africa Observatory
Accroche centre

The East and Central Africa Observatory is a 3-year research project (2023-2025) that Ifri is carrying out jointly with the French Institute of Research in Africa (IFRA) in Nairobi for the French Ministry of Defense, and more specifically its International Relations and Strategy Division (DGRIS). This observatory focuses on the main political, security and geopolitical developments taking place in the geographical areas covered by itself. This is achieved through the regular production of research notes, in English or French and the organization of an annual seminar around a key theme. For our research notes and conferences, we call on internationally acknowledged experts in the topics covered. This Observatory began in 2016, under the title of Observatory of Central and Southern Africa within Ifri's Sub-Saharan Africa Center. 55 notes were drafted between 2016 and 2020.

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Subsaharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa Center
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Founded in 2007, Ifri's Sub-Saharan Africa center produces an in-depth analysis of the African continent and its security, geopolitical, political and socio-economic dynamics (in particular the phenomenon of urbanization). The Center aims to be both, through various publications and conferences, a space for disseminating analyzes intended for the media and the public but also a decision-making tool for political and economic actors with regard to the continent.

The center produces analyses for various organizations such as the Ministry of the Armed Forces, the Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the French Development Agency (AFD) and even for various private supports. Its researchers are regularly interviewed by parliamentary committees.

The organization of events of various formats complements the production of analyzes by bringing the different spheres of the public space (academic, political, media, economic and civil society) to meet and exchange analytical tools and visions of the continent. The Sub-Saharan Africa Center regularly welcomes political leaders from different sub-Saharan African countries.

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Sub-Saharan Africa
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